Mr. Simple <3 <3 <3 <3 Happy Ann, 4th

Tuhan, aku mendengar cinta di setiap perkataan nya,
aku merasakan ketulusan di setiap perbuatan nya,
tuhan, dia itu malaikat
ibu,
terima kasih engkau tlah melahirkan si penerang hati
jika,seandainya...
engkau menitip kan nya kepadaku,
segalanya untuk nya...
aku tak sedikitpun merasa kesepian,
karena aku slalu menikmati nada cinta mu di dalam detak jantung,di aliran darah ku,
bahkan di pelupuk mata hanya satu rupa yang tertangkap..
dirinya sungguh sangat ku puja,
sederhana...
apa adanya...
dan dia lah raja penguasa hati,
tuhan, lihatlah kami,pantau kami,lindungi kami, bisikan kepada kami apa yang harus kami lakukan?

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Marja Nenonen

Prototypical Idioms: Evidence from Finnish

In general idiom is a term that eludes an explicit definition. There are four features and all in different conceptual levels. First, idioms are multi word syntagms and this is a linguistic convention in order to rule out. Second, idioms are non compositional. Third, idioms are regarded as morpho syntactically and lexically restricted. And the last one is idioms are always conventional in a sense that they are institutionalized. According to the criteria, we can define a prototypical idiom a multi word, non compositional, fixed lexical unit whose meaning is institutionalized. It must be known that Not every idiom can be called prototypical, although it fulfills the conditions mentioned above, because a prototype usually refers to a basic level category.

As regards lexicon, Finnish language is fairly transparent at least phonologically if not always semantically and it is relatively easy to separate the stems from the endings. Traditionally, in addition to single words, also the derivative and inflectional endings are located in the lexicon, which serves our purposes in describing the current Finnish lexical system. In the following sections, our aim is to look deeper into the lexical and morphological structure of Finnish idioms.

The data that has been collected is talk about Finnish verbal idioms. The data are:

a.        The literary corpus, a sample of written Finnish fiction.

b.       The Karjalainen Corpus. Karjalainen corpus is one of the newspapers in Finnish.

c.        The Finnish Language Bank.

d.      Moreover, several Finnish dictionaries have been instrumental, especially in collecting body part noun idioms and studying the different meanings of basic verbs.

The most typical Finnish idiom is a verb phrase idiom that usually consists of a finite verb (or an infinitive) and one or more complements. Another typical group, noun phrase idioms, does not necessarily include a specific verb. Typically, a noun phrase idiom complements a verb phrase, which is usually realized as a predicative and may appear with various verbs.

Idiom-prone words are productive in a sense that they appear in several idioms, highly frequent in large text corpora, and, moreover, they are poly semous. These words include the basic verbs and body-part nouns that will be discussed in detail below.

According to the corpora and Finnish dictionaries, some nouns prove to be idiom-prone as well. Especially the most common body part nouns which refer to the most prototypical body parts tend to appear in idioms, for example: pää ‘head,’ silmä ‘eye,’ and käsi ‘hand’ are the most common body part names in idioms

In this paper, the Finnish data indicate that idioms participate in lexicalization, not through the regular lexeme forming processes, derivation and compounding, but through idiom constructions with particular case and/or number inflections. the implication arrows illustrate the dynamics of idiom formation in the Finnish lexicon. And that derivations and compounds mainly derive from basic words and that compounds may include derivations as well, the focus is on idioms. Derivations are extremely rare in phrasal idioms, and so are also compounds. phrasal idioms are complex enough without derivations or compounds. it participates in lexeme formation through inflection in addition to the traditional methods of morphological word formation, derivation and compounding. Prototypical idioms are also close to single lexical units in the sense that their component words lose much of their semantics. The basic verbs are close to grammatical or functional words, and so are also many of the complements, although the range of complement nouns is wider.

Comment

            Actually this paper gives a positive thing to our knowledge about Finnish language because in this paper we get important information about a prototypical Finnish idiom. More than that The Finnish data also indicates that idioms, albeit syntactic phrases, also play an important role in lexicalization. Beside that this paper also explains to us that idiom has four features and all in different conceptual levels. The first one, idiom are multi word syntagm, the second one idioms are not compositional. Third, idioms are regarded as morpho syntactically and lexically restricted. And the last one idioms are always conventional in a sense that they are institutionalized. Based on the explanation before we have several information and understand about the function of idiom in language especially in Finnish language.

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Rigina Turunen

Complex Morphosyntactic Features of Nominal Predicates in

Erzya

ABSTARCT

The paper talks about the morphosyntactic features of Erzya nominal predicates, concentrating on the synthetic construction type based on predicative suffixes. Erzya nominal and locational predicates can be inflected for person, number and tense by using the predicative suffixes. The predicative suffixes are identical with the person markers of verbal conjugation except for the third person singular of the present tense and those past tense constructions in which double marking of plurality is possible.

1. INTRODUCTION

One of the interesting places in linguistic complexity to be research is about the Mordyin nominal constructions. The Mordyin languages Erzya and Moksha stand out among Uralic languages in that they exhibit an especially strong tendency to synthetism with very rich inflectional morphology. This paper consists of three parts. First, the morphosyntactic features of synthetic nominal predicate constructions are described in detail. Thenthe diachronic development of predicative suffixes is discussed, and finally, the Erzya predicative suffixes are examined in a typological context and their position on the grammaticalization scale is discussed both from formal and functional points of view.

2. THE SYNTETIC NOMINAL PREDICATE CONSTRUCTION: PREDICATIVE SUFFIXES

The most complex type of Erzya nominal predicate constructions is the synthetic one, which is based on using predicative suffixes expressing person, number and tense. The predicative suffixes are the same as those used for verbal inflection. in Erzya there is a whole paradigm with nominal predicates agreeing in tense and person with the subject. In the present tense, no trace of an auxiliary can be seen and the person marker attaches straight to the nominal stem. In contrast, the form of the past tense predicative suffix is transparent: the source of the new person and tense marker is a suffixed and reanalyzed auxiliary verb. In the past tense, besides the synthetic constructions, an analytic construction with the copula verb can also be used. Even though the same copula verb can be shown in both the synthetic and the analytic past tense constructions, the two constructions do not differ only in the degree of the fusion of their elements beside that. The synthetic and analytic construction types are in free variation in the past tense.

2.1  The Double Marking Of Plural

Sometimes a plural subject is marked twice on the nominal predicate: the plurality is expressed first by the nominal suffix -t and then by the predicative suffix. Double marking is more usual in the perfect tense of the third person plural and with some frequently used pronouns. One of the older grammars of Erzya shows a paradigm with double plural marking in all plural forms, but the newer ones do not have such examples. In Moksha this kind of double marking is basically always used in the plural past tense.

3. THE ORIGIN OF PREDICATIVE SUFFIX

Since the person markers of nominal predicates are the same as those of the verbal conjugation, a commonly accepted view about their origin is that the present tense predicative suffixes have been extended from the verbal paradigm into the nominal, as, indeed, dependent person markers have been known to evolve from other dependent person markers via extension.  Mordvin nominal predicate constructions are discussed in Stassen’s (1997) typological study of intransitive predication. Stassen states that the similarity between the nominal and verbal paradigms is due to nominal merging. The person agreement markers of nominal predicates have extended their range of usage to verbal inflection and not the other way round. A similar kind of system of nominal predicate constructions as in Mordvin is used in the neighboring Tatar (for more detail, see Turunen, to appear). Whether language contact could have played some role in the rise of the predicative suffix in Mordvin is an issue which should definitely be examined in further research in more detail.

4. THE FUNCTIONAL AND FORMAL DIMENSION OF THE PREDICATIVE SUFFIX

The functional dimension of person markers is studied within the framework of Bresnan and Mchombos’ (1987) grammatical vs. anaphorical agreement typology on which Siewierska (2004) builds. In this typology the person agreement markers and the typology of agreement are based on the co-occurrence possibilities of person markers and their controllers in the same construction. The agreement markers are divided into syntactic, ambiguous and pronominal. The syntactic agreement markers cannot occur without an overt controller and the pronominal markers cannot occur with an overt local controller in the same construction. The ambiguous markers can occur both in the presence of an overt controller in the same construction and in the absence of such a controller. The predicative suffixes of Erzya are ambiguous agreement markers: they can occur both in the presence of an overt controller, and the term anaphorical agreement for pronominal agreement with a non-local controller. Since the Erzya predicative suffixes are ambiguous, they may be involved in both grammatical and anaphoric agreement.

5. CONCLUSION

The nominal predicate constructions of Erzya display complex morphosyntactic features: they can be inflected for person, number and tense using the same suffixes as are used in the verbal conjugation. The locational predicate constructions connect nominal inflection (locative cases) to nominal conjugation (predicative suffixes). In the grammaticalization process, from the functional point of view, the predicative suffixes of Erzya display features of both pronominal and syntactic agreement markers and are, thus, ambiguous. From the formal point of view, the grammaticalization process of the present tense and the past tense predicative suffixes differs. First, the past tense suffix is an agglutinated copula which has gone through phonological reduction processes. The present tense suffix most probably extended from the verbal conjugation. The variability of the host makes the present tense predicative suffixes clitic-like: when the predicate nominal is a syntagm consisting of an adjectival modifier and a noun in nominative, the predicative suffixes may attach either to the modifier or to the noun.

COMMENT

This paper is a good for us. that because in this paper we can learn more about morphosyntactic features, as we know, this is not only explain about this topic, that because, we can see, how the writer give more example of the morphosyntactic features of synthetic nominal predicate constructions are described in detail. Thenthe diachronic development of predicative suffixes, and finally, predicative suffixes. Actually, predicative suffix are examined in a typological context and their position on the grammaticalization scale is discussed both from formal and functional points of view. so, automatically, the reader know the meaning of :

1.Morphosynyetic features

2.thente diachronic

3. predicative suffix

And the reader will be more understand how to use of that rule.

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Tommi Jantunen

The Complexity of Lexical Movements in Fin SL

The paper discusses and shows the analysis of the movements in Finnish Sign Language (Fin SL). The main study in this paper is to shows the distribution of movements that followed the linguistic principle that known as Zipf’s Law derived from spoken language: the least complex movements occurred most frequently, and an increase in complexity was associated with a decrease in frequency. Beside that the behavior of movements itself as well as theoretical implications, are discussed.

And This article investigates the complexity of movement in Finnish Sign Language (Fin SL) lexemes. So far, the complexity of movement in Fin SL lexemes has not been studied and previous research has focused mainly on the study of movement phonemes, morphological and phonetic processes.

Movements can divide into two forms manual movements and non manual movements. Manual movements are movements made by the hands and it can be dividing also into two classes: path movements and local movements. Path movements are articulated by the elbow or shoulder join and they result in a discrete change of place of articulation in the sign space on the body or in the external space in front of the signer. Local movements are articulated by the wrist or the finger joints and they result in a change of hand shape or orientation of the hands or a trilled.

            Non manual movements are movements made by articulators other than the hands. Traditionally, non manuality has been more or less neglected in phonological analysis, and this may be one of the factors that have caused the current situation in Fin SL research where there is no consensus as to what exactly the non manual articulators are and what the exact nature of non manual movements is hence.

In general, complexity is understood to be a property of a movement which correlates with the number of joints used in the movement's production. Complexity of movement is thus here considered to correlate with the number of joints and articulators, or parallel subcomponents, used in the production of movement.

In this article, that is examined the complexity of lexical movements in Fin SL, defining complexity as a property of a movement which correlates with the number of subcomponents (joints and articulators) used in its production. As a main result, four main types of movement varying in their degree of complexity have emerged: simple, complex, super complex and hyper complex movements. Beside that there is also two hypotheses about the synchronic and diachronic behavior of movements in Fin SL: non manual movements will be dropped and movements in general will be reduced in complexity. The proper testing of these hypotheses is left to future study.

This paper explains to us about the movements in Finnish Sign Language (Fin SL). It is very important because we know what kind of movements that happens in Finnish language and the contributions of that movement into Finnish language. Beside that the kind of movements itself also discuss in this paper where the movements divided into two. The first one is manual movements. Manual movement is the movements made by the hands. The manual movements itself also can be divided into two forms, path and local movements.

The last one is the non manual movements. Non manual movements made by articulators other than the hands. Another movement that describe in this paper is complexity movements. By using this paper we know the movements that usually happens in Finnish, and it will make us more understand about the system that usually use in Finnish in a conversation.   

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Jussi Niemi

Paradigm Competition:

An Experimental Note on Finnish Verbs

ABSTRACT

In languages with a high number of inflectional paradigms, morphological forms may interact across paradigms irrespective of stringent paradigm-defining properties such as phonological shape.  A contracted verb sometime gives overwhelming effect among the verbs of this language. This override effect is not fortuitous, since it can be explained, e.g., with the relative lack of phonological alternation in affixation. In this respect, Finnish appears to favor agglutination, although in some other areas the language shows developmental traits towards increasing fusionality.

INTRODUCTION

The present study shows that Finnish verb inflection, involves a complex bundle of forms containing transparent morpho(phono)logy and competition of closely-related paradigms. In addition to competing stem and affixal allomorphy, the assumed processing load in Finnish verb inflection is enhanced still as we observe that (i) in language production and reception the morphological operator(s) of Finnish speakers must be highly active since about half of the words carry a non-zero inflectional marker in spoken language, and in written text, the proportion is higher still, as about 77 per cent of running words contain a non-zero inflectional marker. As specifically for verbs, they lack a morphologically simplex form.

METHOD

2.1 Subjects and Data

48 monolingual Finnish-speaking 13–14-year-old schoolchildren were

group-tested in the present experiment. 80 pseudoverbs were created by

changing the consonant onset of real verbs. The pseudoverbs represented four paradigms:

1.      Oi-dA paradigm with multisyllabic stems.

Here the stem-final Oi- sequence is an unambiguous paradigm assigner.

2.      contracted verb paradigm.

carries, inter alia, suffixal agglutination with concomitant grade alternation of the steminternal stop consonants in the present and past tenses.

3.      Antaa .

4.      ottaa paradigms.

2.2 Procedures

The written-form experiment carried 80 (4 x 20) multi-sentence test-items constructed in the following manner (below with approximate English translations). The subjects’ task was to fill in the cloze slots, in writing, with the appropriate morphosyntactic form of the pseudoverb given in the infinitive form of the first sentence.

3. RESULT

In spite of the unambiguous transparency of paradigm membership of the pseudoverbs the overall error rate is as high as 47.0%.The response pattern shows that the Oi-dA paradigm is as expected extremely robust to any inter-paradigmatic effects. the antaa and ottaa paradigms obtain the lowest scores, with about 12–14 % correctness rates. The most significant attractor is the contracted verb paradigm, since the shifts away from the antaa and ottaa types heavily concentrate on this paradigm with circa 85% attraction rates.

CONCLUSION

It can be concludes that the present meta linguistic, off-line data show that contracted verbs (a) are resistant to error, and (b) that this paradigm attracts items from the neighboring antaa and ottaa paradigms. One of the reasons for this state of affairs is it is here claimed due to their semiotically relatively expedient affixation. It should be stressed in this connection that also in the case of nouns the more agglutinative paradigms are the invading ones in Finnish. Finally, the negation form in this paradigm (like hakkaa) is homophonous with the 3sg., which has been claimed to be one of the cognitive “base forms” of the Finnish verb.

COMMENT

This paper explain to us that in a high number of inflectional paradigms, morphological forms may interact across paradigms irrespective of stringent paradigm defining properties such as phonological shape. This paper focus to the an experimental note in Finnish verb and the connection that also in the case of nouns the more agglutinative paradigms are the invading ones in Finnish.