JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

                    John Goldsmith, Yu Hu, Irina Matveeva, and Colin Sprague 

A heuristic for morpheme discovery based on string edit distance

 In this journal said talks about study about this topic, we must to learn about morphology of languages, that is, with a high average number of morphemes per word. In this paper, the writer focus in Swahili, a major Bantu language of East Africa, and the goal is the development of a system that can automatically produce a morphological analyzer of a text on the basis of a large corpus. In addition, the writer wan to present a new bootstrapping heuristic, one that is particularly useful in the analysis of languages with rich morphologies and that is based on the string edit distance dynamic programming algorithm. To show that how it works and how it can be used to rank and quantify the robustness of morphological generalizations in a set of data.

As we know, the bootstrapping heuristic is designed to rapidly come up with a set of candidate strings of morphemes, while the model consists of an explicit formulation of either what constitute an adequate morphology for a set of data, or  an objective function that must be optimized, given a corpus of data, in order to find the correct morphological analysis.

According Goldsmith (2001) for using the discovery of signatures as the bootstrapping heuristic, where a signature is a maximal set of stems and suffixes with the property that all combinations of stems and suffixes are found in the corpus in question. So, we can conclude, In particular, a signature is a set of forms that can be characterized by the rule of the bootstrapping heuristic.

In the all part of this paper, we can conclude, the SED-based heuristic is empirically superior to the SF- and PF-based heuristics as a means of identifying morphemes in natural languages with rich morphologies. The SED-based heuristic that we have described is a rapid method for analyzing data from languages such as Swahili and the other Bantu with a rich morphology, and coming u

Comment p with a

rough characterization of the principal morphemes of the language.

Actually this topic tells to us about one of the language in East Africa. Here the writer took an example from Bantu. Bantu is one of the tribe in Africa and we understand about the language system that using in Bantu’s language and the goal is the development of a system that can automatically produce a morphological analyzer of a text on the basis of a large corpus. 

           

            Furthermore, this article also explain about the new heuristic where one that is particularly useful in the analysis of language with rich morphologies and that is based on the string edit distance dynamic programming algorithm. Beside that this article describes about collapsing alignment and gives the example and definition about the collapsing alignment itself. So in conclusion this paper is a good paper for us because we know the system of language from the other tribe in the world and also about the collapsing alignment, 

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Kristiina Jokinen & Graham Wilcock

Contextual Inferences in Intercultural Communication

            This paper discuss about intercultural communication using the notions of high context and low context cultures. Beside that how the way, the dialogue strategies, relative speaker and hearer responsibilities from English and Finnish when they are in a conversations also discuss in this paper. The examples in this paper show that the cultural presuppositions influence and give the different interpretations, and it can be concluded that the Finnish communication style falls into the typical of high context culture.

Intercultural communication studies actually have related communication differences not only to the cultural aspects but also to the role of social context in interpersonal communication. Beside that the successful in a conversation depends on the individual’s communicative behavior such as speaking style, and also to the knowledge about suitable and polite communication strategies.

         

        There is two classic patterns in intercultural communication, low context cultures and high context cultures. The anthropologies Edward Hall (1976) delivered the differentiations of the two patterns. He delivered that in the low context culture, everything is fully spelled out: ideas, thoughts, and request are made explicit, and the actions depend very much on what is said or written. In a high context culture the communicators assume a lot of shared knowledge, experience, and world view, and thus less is made explicit and much more is implicit or communicated in indirect ways. Beside that the roles and communicative obligations of the speaker and the listener are also different: in a high context culture, the speaker is responsible for the emotional impact of the message, while the listener is responsible for understanding and providing acknowledgement of the message.

         

Examples of low context cultures are taken to be North American, German, Swiss and Scandinavian cultures, whereas Japanese, Chinese, Middle Eastern, French, Mediterranean, and Latin American cultures are examples of high context cultures.

         

In this paper we will discuss and analyze three dialogue examples between Finnish and British English conversational strategies and show the fact about the opinion that tells Finnish is typical of high context cultures and British English is low context cultures. 

Another example of the different contextual reasoning hearer or speaker divisions of labor in conversations can be found in the topic introduction. The introduction of the topic is the most important part in conversations because this part is as a clue where the conversations is will going on.

In low-context cultures, the topic introduction of conversation should start with a suitable introductory remark which directs the hearer’s attention to the actual topic. It is very different in the high context cultures where the speakers do not express they wants and needs explicitly.

COMMENT

            This paper is a nice and important paper because this paper discuses about the intercultural communication using the notions of high and low context cultures. We know there is some differentiation in communication that use high context culture and low context culture. Not only that this paper also discuss about how the way, the dialogue strategies, relative speaker and hearer responsibilities from English and Finnish when they are in a conversations.

            Based on the example in this paper we can make a conclusion that Finnish language including in the typical of high context culture and the British English is the typical of low context culture. This fact finally change our opinion about the English language where we suggest that English language is a type of high context culture.

� & f c � `�� made us has opinion like that because Finnish and Irish is different country. But on the other hand this article broke that opinion and gives several facts that shown relationship between this two languages. This article also explains about the terms that use in Finnish and Irish grammarians respectively, namely ‘passive’ and ‘autonomous’ to describe the verbal morphology involve. The others found such as ‘impersonal’ are also found, some of the others terms be found to be more adequate.

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Anders Ahlqvist

A Syntactic Similarity between Finnish and Irish

In this journal actually between Finnish and Irish there is unrelated language, Finnish and Irish resemble each other in the part that both of that language have a category of verbal morphology that allows for notional subjects to be left unexpressed, even if they are still felt to exist. As a result, agent constructions are avoided. After the establishment of the standard literary Finnish language, over agents soon disappeared, where in  Irish they still linger on. The reason for this are based in the sociolinguistic conditions, where in Finnish it has been much easier to avoid outside influence, where in this regard Irish is rather less well protected.

The article talks about the illustrating syntactic similarity between Finnish and Irish, which are two unrelated languages. This article also explains about the terms that use in Finnish and Irish grammarians respectively, namely ‘passive’ and ‘autonomous’ to describe the verbal morphology involve. The others found such as ‘impersonal’ are also found, some of the others terms be found to be more adequate.

                In Finnish grammar, the term passive usually use to describe the number of different kind of morphological patterns.

            In modern Irish grammars usually quote the term ‘autonomous’ to describe the Irish equivalent of the Finnish passive

 conclusion

The syntactic similarities between the two languages are obvious enough. Both have verbal forms without overt subjects. Also, they are resistant to the use of agents. In both cases, however, the avoidance of agents is not complete.

In the earlier stages of the Finnish literary language, the construction does occur, and still did so until the second half of the nineteenth century. It is also entirely clear that its introduction is due entirely to influence from other languages.

During its long history as a literary language, Irish has of course been influenced by many other languages, especially Latin and English.

A final remark draws attention to the sociolinguistic environment of the two languages. During much of the past hundred and fifty years, Finnish has retained a fairly large core of monoglot native speakers, whose intuitions have been taken very seriously by language planners. In Ireland, on the other hand, this has been the case to a rather less significant degree. Perhaps the somewhat easier acceptance of foreign-influenced syntactic patterns in Irish can be related to the larger number of Irish-speakers who are equally fluent in the language the patterns in question emanate from.

          Comment

Actually this paper giving a positive effect to the linguistic part because this paper explains to the reader about the similarity between Finnish and Irish language. Maybe some of us believe that there is no relationship between Finnish and Irish language. The key factors that made us has opinion like that because Finnish and Irish is different country. But on the other hand this article broke that opinion and gives several facts that shown relationship between this two languages. This article also explains about the terms that use in Finnish and Irish grammarians respectively, namely ‘passive’ and ‘autonomous’ to describe the verbal morphology involve. The others found such as ‘impersonal’ are also found, some of the others terms be found to be more adequate.

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Tommi Jantunen

The Complexity of Lexical Movements in Fin SL

The paper discusses and shows the analysis of the movements in Finnish Sign Language (Fin SL). The main study in this paper is to shows the distribution of movements that followed the linguistic principle that known as Zipf’s Law derived from spoken language: the least complex movements occurred most frequently, and an increase in complexity was associated with a decrease in frequency. Beside that the behavior of movements itself as well as theoretical implications, are discussed.

And This article investigates the complexity of movement in Finnish Sign Language (Fin SL) lexemes. So far, the complexity of movement in Fin SL lexemes has not been studied and previous research has focused mainly on the study of movement phonemes, morphological and phonetic processes.

Movements can divide into two forms manual movements and non manual movements. Manual movements are movements made by the hands and it can be dividing also into two classes: path movements and local movements. Path movements are articulated by the elbow or shoulder join and they result in a discrete change of place of articulation in the sign space on the body or in the external space in front of the signer. Local movements are articulated by the wrist or the finger joints and they result in a change of hand shape or orientation of the hands or a trilled.

            Non manual movements are movements made by articulators other than the hands. Traditionally, non manuality has been more or less neglected in phonological analysis, and this may be one of the factors that have caused the current situation in Fin SL research where there is no consensus as to what exactly the non manual articulators are and what the exact nature of non manual movements is hence.

In general, complexity is understood to be a property of a movement which correlates with the number of joints used in the movement's production. Complexity of movement is thus here considered to correlate with the number of joints and articulators, or parallel subcomponents, used in the production of movement.

In this article, that is examined the complexity of lexical movements in Fin SL, defining complexity as a property of a movement which correlates with the number of subcomponents (joints and articulators) used in its production. As a main result, four main types of movement varying in their degree of complexity have emerged: simple, complex, super complex and hyper complex movements. Beside that there is also two hypotheses about the synchronic and diachronic behavior of movements in Fin SL: non manual movements will be dropped and movements in general will be reduced in complexity. The proper testing of these hypotheses is left to future study.

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Thomas Groß and Timothy Osborne

Toward a Practical Dependency Grammar Theory of

Discontinuities

The paper presents the major principles and concepts of a dependency grammar theory of discontinuities for English and German. Because of that, we can to know what the meaning of discontinuities itself.  Discontinuities are identified in terms of traditional projectivity violations. Besides that, to study about it, we can use by acknowledging the chain as the fundamental unit of syntax. This is a way for us to be easy to learn about it.

As we know, the meaning of discontinuities is long distances dependencies. Dependency based theories of syntax also have their means of addressing discontinuities.  This paper endeavors to present and develop the basic principles of a more practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. The goal is to establish empirically the central limitations on discontinuities in English and German. And this is example of the following are unacceptable because they contain illicit discontinuities.

Actually, the meaning of the preliminaries is Dependency based theories of syntax view sentence structure in terms of the mother daughter relation. This is example of the preliminaries. That give much information, and the words are organized with respect to precedence and dominance.

                                                                  

                                                                       are

                                    

                        words                                                      organized

          the                          of                                                                   hierarchically

                                                    sentences

          the          words     of          sentences   are            organized       hierarchically

By acknowledging rising chains, the characteristics of the various types of discontinuities – those of wh-fronting, topicalization, scrambling, extra position, and splitting – can be identified. We see that the concepts and principles presented above serving as the basis for a practical and comprehensive dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. Particular and detailed dependency grammar accounts of wh-fronting, topicalization, scrambling, extra position, and splitting.             

Comment

Actually this paper is a good paper because in this paper we know about the major principle and concepts of a dependency grammar of discontinuities for English and German. Not only that this paper also explain about the meaning of discontinuities and the function of discontinuities in language.

Moreover, this paper also discuss about the function of discontinuities in English and German language. We know, English language and German language actually has a similarity in the system of the language and this paper also describe to us about the similarity and the differentiation of English language and German language.

But on the other hand this paper difficult to analyze, that because, the writer include the tree diagram and some syllable, the writer not explain more about the syllable before, and makes me confused to analyze the relation between the tree diagram and that explanation, so, we can conclude, this paper must be gives more explanation about the diagram and the syllable in order to make the readers are easier to understand the topic of the paper

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

David Boromisza-Habashi

Voice and moral accountability: burlesque narratives in televised Hungarian political discourse

In this paper talking about studies of burlesque in spoken discourse through the examination of situated interaction in a televised Hungarian political talk show . The study includes the analysis of a segment of interaction characterized as a bounded episode of interactional managed burlesque narrative. The burlesque narrative emerges as a speech genre that speakers employ in the specific situational context of the political talk show and the discursive context of perceived political provocation. It means, this is talking about a public issue absurd, to mitigate their own accountability, to create opportunities for participant affiliation by means of humor. And this paper analysis about the extended context of Hungarian political discourse the burlesque narrative functions as a counter discourse.

 In this part, the writer wan to give three explanation, there are three kind of explanation of that:

1.      Introduce and discuss Kenneth Burke’s, definition of burlesque as a literary and rhetorical genre.

2.      Discuss issues of voicing using Silverstein’s, formulation of cultural concepts and the analytic framework of participation roles (Goffman 1981; Urban 1989; Irvine 1996).

3.      Analyze a bounded segment of situated interaction as narrative based on Labov’s, structural analytic framework.

As we know, Press Club as speech event features five types of participant roles. so, in this part the writer want to  present the way how to give a good the press club in media. That because the press club have some function. such as, to occasionally introduce new topics or to cue another pundit to introduce a new topic, to occasionally influence turn taking in order to ensure the equal distribution of turns.

Besides that, the writer explain the pundit itself, the pundits are well known media personalities who are routinely cast as the representatives of Hungarian far right activism.  The group of pundits that co host the show varies, but some members give fairly regular appearances. the pundits introduces a problematic topic from the domain of current events, he or she proffers some initial analytic and  evaluative commentary, other participants proffer comments, the topic is concluded, and a new topic is introduced.

Conclusion

In this conclusion, we can conclude the objective of the speaker protagonist of the narrative and the fellow pundits who participate in its construction is to lampoon the adversary and render its position ludicrous. The lampooning is done in a way that does not carefully consider the minutiae of the adversary’s position, but instead presents that position as completely worthless and laughable, criticizing the position in a way that maintains plausible deniability for the participants of the burlesque performance.

Comment

            Actually it is a good paper because this paper tells about the studies of burlesque in spoken discourse through the examination of situated interaction in a televised Hungarian political talk show but on the other hand this paper does not focus to the title of this article. The title of this article is Voice and moral accountability: burlesque narratives in televised Hungarian political discourse but in the explanation of this article the writer only focus to the interaction in Hungarian political talk show and do not gives more explanation and what kind of voice and moral accountability in Hungarian political talk show. 

JOURNAL LINGUISTICS

Pirkko Kukkonen

Aphasic Errors as Evidence for the Mental Organization of

Morphology

Abstract

In morphological errors, Non-existent temporary word forms is one of the most interesting errors because its provide a possibility for distinguishing between affixation and analogy as means of constructing word forms during speech production. When existing patterns are randomly actuated, the produced word forms often violate some morphophonemic variation rules. The errors prove that some composition of even frequent word forms takes place during speech production.

Lexicalization and decomposition

In morphological organization itself there are two opposing views, the first one is full-listing hypothesis and the last one is the decomposition hypothesis. The dual route hypothesis serves as a compromise between the two models (Clahsen 1997, 1999). One of the possibility is when a redundant system is full of decomposition and full of  listing. All the unproductive words have to be lexicalizes, but instead of full listing they may bear some kind of a property where the speakers enable to tell them apart from the productive words.

In full listing hypothesis its need to include some sort of a fall back procedure or a lexical tool because it will make the speakers are able to inflect new loan word. The word itself can be divided to several forms that usually based on different mechanism such as affixation and analogy according to a model offered by another word form or by a group of word. One of the close analysis about erroneous is delivered by Ahseln 1994, “illegal word forms may reveal the mental mechanisms by which the word forms have been constructed by the speaker.

Data

         

          The present analysis has shown that all the morphological errors were selected. The error usually happens in the case like the disconnected speech, incorrect diction, pronunciation or in distinguishing between sounds substitutions and morphological errors.

           

The classifications of the errors resulted in certain groups such as the substitutions of the base form for an inflected word form, neologistic compounds or derivations, substitutions of a plural form for a singular one, errors in agreement, and the others errors.

       

The frequencies of the errors categories are listed below.

Uninflected form used instead of an inflected form

            Nominative singular                                                    25%

            Verb root                                                                     7%

          Verb stem (with derivational affixes)                    5%

Non- existent word forms                                                       16%

Neologistic compound or derived words                               8%

Partitive plural instead of partitive singular                            10%

Errors in agreement                                                                 5%

Others errors                                                                           24%    

In addition there were syntactic errors which could in principle be selection errors. Such errors are irrelevant to the present research question.

Base Forms                                               

         

The concept of base forms is very essential for the affixation hypothesis. This is the form of the content word to which affixes are attached. Besides that, the base form also has function in Finnish noun where the base form is a kind of word stem that serves as the citation form (nominative singular).

           

In conventionally words are referred to by their citation forms which serve as dictionary entries, but in the production models the base form may serve as the pivot of the lexical entry and also the lexical access takes place via the pivot which may substitute for other word forms.

           

Neologistic compounds and derived words provide firmer evidence for the use of construction produces in speech production. The analysis of the non-existent word may provide further evidence over the mental lexicon and the composition of words forms, whether it is based on stems or on prototypical word forms.

Regularization     

           

Regulation errors usually during the speaker’s construction of word form. Full regularization refers to the concatenation of elements retrieved from the lexicon, while in partial regularization some but not all morphological rules seem to have applied. For the present purposes it suffices to assume that the affixes are selected on the basis of some functional information. In the productions models the phonological form of the suffixes is determined late in the derivation process, because suffixes are stranded and accommodate to the exchange of content words.

Analogy and gang effects

          In processing to constructing words one alternative is analogical composition. Bybee 1985, Prideaux 1984, Stemberger & MacWhinney 1988, Skousen 1989 and Stemberger 1998 delivered that in the regularization errors, words join the most productive paradigsm, where the gang effects refer to cases where unproductive paradigsm attract new members.

            All the productions errors need not be selection errors, even if all the stems were listed in the lexicon, but new stems may result from the application of lexical redundancy rules. In addition the error may be due to phonological complication, baside that the interaction between morphology and articulation may create opportunities for such errors to arise.

Discussion

In processing of production of speech may use the application of various strategies. In production the speakers has the choice of retrieving or composing the word to be used. The speaker that has difficulties in retrieving lexical information may compose the word form.

 Regularization is somewhat more common than rendering words irregular. The erroneous words were relatively frequent, and analogical composition can account better for the errors than the affixation hypothesis.

The performance itself may also play role in genesis of morphological errors, as the speaker’s failure in selecting one of the word forms competing for the same place in the utterance may result in the contamination of the two stylistic variants.

Linguistic analysis does not explain the errors completely because it ignores, for example is the psychological factors such as attentiveness.  For normal speech, experimental elicitation of slips is a more appropriate approach, and it should obviously be accompanied by a careful analysis of morphological variation.

Comment

This paper is a good paper because shows about the kind of errors that usually happens in morphology system. One of the errors that always happens is Non-existent temporary word forms is one of the most interesting errors because its provide a possibility for distinguishing between affixation and analogy as means of constructing word forms during speech production. The errors like this is often happens in speech process and to solve this errors someone may use several strategies and one of it is the speakers has the choice of retrieving or composing the word or sentences that will be used.

This paper give a positive effect for us especially in speech process because we get the information about the errors that usually do in speech such as disconnected speech, incorrect diction, pronunciation or in distinguishing between sounds substitutions and morphological errors and how the ways to avoid this errors. More than that in this paper also tells about lexicalization, decomposition, analogy and the functions of it in language.